典型畜禽粪便配伍食用菌菌渣堆肥研究

[目的]研究三种典型畜禽粪便工厂化高温好氧堆肥过程中物理化学参数的动态变化规律,为典型禽畜粪便和食用菌菌渣废弃物有机肥料化提供理论依据。[方法]本研究分别以新鲜牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪配以2倍质量(DW)的食用菌菌渣进行堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数等理化指标的动态变化规律。[结果]堆肥过程中牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪处理在55 ℃以上的持续时间均超过15 天,堆体温度均超过70 ℃。堆肥结束时,猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪处理的pH值分别为7.59、7.81、7.48,符合腐熟堆肥pH值在 5.5 ~ 8.5的一般标准,种子发芽指数(GI)均大于80%,总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为4.31%、5.01%、4.57%,只有鸡粪处理满足有机肥养分标准(NY525-2012)。堆肥过程中各处理铵态氮含量逐渐下降,硝态氮含量逐渐增加,至堆肥结束时牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪处理铵态氮的减少量分别为45.6%、29.2%、33.9%,而相应地硝态氮含量分别增加到2.59 g kg-1、2.57 g kg-1、2.15 g kg-1。[结论]本研究结果可为适度规模养殖场的畜禽粪便进行堆肥处理提供一定的理论依据。     

智能型规模化膜覆盖好氧堆肥系统设计与试验

设计了一种适用于规模化生产的节能环保智能型膜覆盖好氧堆肥系统,主要包括总控系统、风控系统、传感系统和覆膜系统。结合上述各系统的功能性需求,进行了系统整体性设计、功能模块独立设计选型,该系统可实现堆肥关键参数的高精度实时监测、通风供氧的灵活智能反馈控制、多设备无线通讯等功能。利用该系统进行规模化膜覆盖好氧堆肥性能试验,研究结果表明:整个堆肥过程高温时段满足粪便无害化处理需求,堆体氧浓度维持在适宜水平,覆膜工艺下可确保堆体发酵状况良好。从所监测的流量、频率、温度、压力、氧浓度等多元参数和总体性能来看,与传统技术模式相比,该系统智能化程度显著提升,生产能耗和气体产排显著降低。     

振动式水稻精密播种装置机理分析与试验

为提高振动式水稻精密播种装置的播种性能,分别对其定量供种机构和振动匀种机构的工作机理进行了分析与试验研究。利用离散元软件EDEM模拟了定量供种机构在有无振动作用下的供种过程。通过对比分析可知种箱振动板周期性的小幅振动可缓解种子的漏斗流动,促进扩散流动,同时使排种轮充填区的种子分布状态更加"蓬松",提高了供种频率,实现了稳定定量供种。通过模拟试验探究振动匀种机构不同种槽板对种子的流速和装置播种性能的影响,优选出V-90°、V-105°、V-120°和U1型4组种槽板,为装置优化试验提供了参考,减少了后续试验次数。分别进行常规稻供种和杂交稻低播量供种试验,得到了种箱振动板振动使排种轮供种频率提高3.64%和5.52%,验证了定量供种机构仿真研究结果具有较高的准确性。进行不同种槽板、播量和气压全因素播种性能试验,得到播种效果最佳的种槽板为V-120°种槽板,在40 g/盘杂交稻低播量播种时使用0.26 MPa气压播种,合格指数为93.91%,空穴指数为0.94%;80 g/盘常规稻播种时使用0.28 MPa气压播种,合格指数为96.10%,空穴指数为0,满足杂交稻和常规稻种子育秧播种的技术要求。     

叶片数对尾缘加弯板垂直轴风力机功率影响数值模拟

为了探究叶片数量对叶片尾缘加装弯板直线翼垂直轴风力机气动特性的影响,通过不同叶片数量下直线翼叶片尾缘加弯板对垂直轴风力机叶片周围流场改善情况的对比,分析其气动特性变化.选取NACA0018直线翼型作为研究对象,利用数值模拟计算7种弯板长度下,2,3,4这3种叶片数量下的直线翼垂直轴风力机动态输出特性和静态起动特性.研究结果显示:该类升力型垂直轴风力机的气动特性受到叶片数量和弯板长度的综合影响,弯弦比的增加能够提升风力机的阻力性能,但会弱化因叶片数量增加导致风力机产生的功率系数的差别;在不同叶片数量下,适当弯板长度对风力机静态起动性能具有优化作用,但其起到优化作用的方位角不同,且2叶片时优化效果最佳,平均转矩系数提升40%.该研究为垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘的设计与优化提供依据.     

Optimal rate and schedule of nitrogen fertilizer application for enhanced yield and nitrogen use efficiency in dry-seeded rice in north-western India

Dry direct-seeded aerobic rice (DSR) is an emerging attractive alternative to traditional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) production system for reducing labour and irrigation water requirements in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India. The fertilizer N requirement of DSR grown with alternate wetting and drying water management may differ from that of PTR grown under continuous flooding due to differences in N dynamics in the soil/water system and crop growth patterns. Limited studies have been conducted on optimizing N management and application schedule for enhanced N use efficiency in DSR. Therefore, field experiments were conducted over 3 years in NW India to evaluate the effects of N rate and timing of its application on crop performance and N use efficiency. Interaction effects of four N rates (0, 120, 150, and 180 kg ha^?1) as urea and four schedules of N application on yield and N use efficiency were evaluated in DSR. The N schedules included N application in three equal split doses (0, 35 and 63, and 14, 35 and 63 days after sowing, DAS) and four equal split doses (0, 28, 49 and 70; 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS). There was no significant interaction between N rate and schedules on grain yield. Significant response to fertilizer N was observed at 120 kg N ha^?1 and economic optimum dose for three equal split doses and skipping N at sowing was 130 kg N ha^?1. Highest mean grain yield of 6.60 t ha^?1 was obtained when N was applied in three equal split doses at 14, 35 and 63 DAS which was about 8.5% higher compared with N applied in four equal split doses at 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS. Under the best N application schedule, agronomic N use efficiency (26 kg grain kg^?1), recovery efficiency (49%) and physiological efficiency (53 kg kg^?1) were comparable to the values reported in Asia for PTR. Results from our study will help to achieve high yields and N use efficiency in DSR to replace resource intensive PTR.     

贮藏温度对炝蟹品质的影响

为阐明不同贮藏温度下炝蟹品质的变化和食用安全性,本试验以三疣梭子蟹为材料制作炝蟹,探讨冻藏(-18℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下炝蟹感官品质、菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和生物胺的变化规律,并对其生物胺与其他品质指标进行相关性分析。结果表明,贮藏温度对炝蟹感官品质TVC、TVB-N等指标的劣变具有显著的影响。-18℃冻藏和4℃冷藏条件下,炝蟹感官品质分别于第10天和第6个月超出可接受限值;随着贮藏时间的延长,4℃冷藏条件下炝蟹TVC值显著增加,但至贮藏16 d时仍小于5 lg(CFU·g^-1),TVB-N值于贮藏12 d时超出一级鲜度临界值;-18℃冻藏过程中炝蟹TVC值略有增加,但变化不显著,TVB-N值于第6个月超出一级鲜度临界值。4℃冷藏过程中炝蟹中共检测出8种生物胺,而-18℃冻藏过程中共检测出5种生物胺。此外,色胺、腐胺和酪胺是炝蟹贮藏过程中产生的主要生物胺,且与其他品质均具有显著相关性。本研究结果为炝蟹在贮藏过程中的安全性和货架期预测提供了理论依据。     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

Effect of peripartal administration of mycobacterium cell wall fraction on health and fertility of Holstein cows under organic-certified management

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripartal administration of a commercially available nonspecific immune stimulant (mycobacterium cell wall fraction; MCWF [Amplimune, NovaVive Inc., Napanee, ON, Canada]) on the incidence of disease during early lactation and subsequent fertility of dairy cows. A second objective was to characterize the dynamics of circulating white blood cells (WBC) and metabolic markers following treatment administration. Cows in an United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic-certified dairy herd were blocked by parity and, based on sequential calving dates, randomly assigned to receive two injections (5 mL s.c.) of either a placebo (saline solution) as a control (CON; n = 71) or MCWF (n = 65) at enrollment (7 d before expected calving) and within 24 h after calving. Blood samples were collected from a subsample of the study population (MCWF = 16; CON = 18) for WBC count at enrollment, at day 2 post enrollment, and at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after calving. Serum fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and Ca concentrations were determined at days 1 and 7 postpartum (MCWF = 21; CON = 21). Main outcome variables included incidence risk of peripartal and early lactation health disorders and pregnancy at first artificial insemination (AI), at 100, and at 150 days in milk (DIM). In addition, the average daily milk yield up to 90 DIM and death and live culling before 305 DIM were compared. Treatment effects were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, time-to-event analyses, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). A treatment effect on the incidence risk of some of the health disorders in the study was established. Incidence risk of metritis and clinical mastitis <28 DIM was smaller in MCWF than in CON cows (36.9% vs. 50.7% and 6.3% vs. 19.7%, respectively). On the contrary, the incidence risk of respiratory disease <28 DIM was smaller in CON (0%) than in MCWF (7.7%). Reproductive performance of multiparous cows was affected by MCWF administration: pregnancy at first AI and pregnancy at 100 and 150 DIM were greater in MCWF than in CON (35.6% vs. 19.2%; 51.1% vs. 25.0%; and 64.4% vs. 40.4%, respectively). Overall, median intervals from calving to pregnancy were 90 vs. 121 d in MCWF and CON cows, respectively. No treatment effects on the dynamics of circulating WBC or in postpartum metabolic status were established. No differences for milk yield or for the proportion of cows that survived up to 305 DIM were determined, although cows in MCWF left the herd earlier than cows in CON. In conclusion, incidence risks of metritis and mastitis in early lactation were smaller in cows receiving MCWF, whereas the incidence risk of respiratory disease was smaller in CON. Fertility significantly improved in MCWF compared with CON cows. As this study was performed in an organic-certified dairy, specific health and reproductive management practices may affect the external validity of the current findings.     

对间隙淋洗长期通气培养条件下黄土高原土壤供氮能力的评价

采用间隙淋洗长期通气培养法,通过对黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始矿质氮、起始提取态总氮、起始可溶性有机氮,以及培养期间淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮、可溶性有机氮含量及其与作物吸氮量关系的研究,分析并评价黄土高原主要农田土壤氮素矿化能力以及包括和不包括培养淋洗可溶性有机氮对土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,供试土样起始可溶性有机氮平均为N 23.9 mg/kg,是起始提取态总氮的28.8%,土壤全氮的2.4%。在通气培养淋洗总氮中,可溶性有机氮所占比例不高,经过217 d通气培养,淋洗出的可溶性有机氮平均为N 28.8mg/kg,占淋洗总氮量的19.8%。相关分析表明,淋洗可溶性有机氮量与第1季作物吸氮量相关不显著,但与连续2季作物总吸氮量显著相关。淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮与两季作物总吸氮量的相关系数明显高于与第一季作物吸氮量的相关系数;与第一季作物吸氮量达显著相关水平,与连续两季作物吸氮量达极显著相关水平。总体上看,可溶性有机氮和土壤全氮、土壤微生物氮不能作为反映短期可矿化氮的指标;间隙淋洗通气培养淋洗液中淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于对连续两季作物土壤供氮能力的评价。     

稻麦联合收获机秸秆撒布板调节方式试验与优化

目前,秸秆还田作为保护性耕作的重要一环,其各阶段技术均广泛引入我国稻麦联合收获机的设计与制造过程中。其中,在秸秆切碎后的抛撒环节,国内大部分收获机型采用撒布板形式,但其调节方式单一、调节角度范围较小,限制了秸秆的田间利用率和还田效果。为此,以久保田988机型为例,以撒布板抛撒位置为试验因素,设计了相应角度调节组合的田间试验,并以秸秆抛撒不均匀度为鉴定依据,分析了其撒布板角度对秸秆抛撒效果的影响。通过对实验数据进行分析,自行设计了一种可手动、电动调节的撒布板角度调节机构,且通过田间试验验证其有效可行,大大提高了秸秆还田利用率,促进了能源再生利用。